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Stigma, Culture, and HIV and AIDS in the Western Cape, South Africa: An Application of the PEN-3 Cultural Model for Community-Based Research

Penn State University, University Park, aou{at}psu.edu

Titilayo Okoror

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Tammy Shefer

University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

Darigg Brown

Penn State University, University Park

Juliet Iwelunmor

Penn State University, University Park

Ed Smith

Penn State University, University Park

Mohamed Adam

University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

Leickness Simbayi

Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa

Nompumelelo Zungu

Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa

Regina Dlakulu

University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Olive Shisana

Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa

HIV- and AIDS-related stigma has been reported to be a major factor contributing to the spread of HIV. In this study, the authors explore the meaning of stigma and its impact on HIV and AIDS in South African families and health care centers. They conducted focus group and key informant interviews among African and Colored populations in Khayelitsha, Gugulethu, and Mitchell’s Plain in the Western Cape province. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and coded using NVivo. Using the PEN-3 cultural model, the authors analyzed results showing that participants’ shared experiences ranged from positive/nonstigmatizing, to existential/ unique to the contexts, to negative/stigmatizing. Families and health care centers were found to have both positive nonstigmatizing values and negative stigmatizing characteristics in addressing HIV/AIDS-related stigma. The authors conclude that a culture-centered analysis, relative to identity, is central to understanding the nature and contexts of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in South Africa.

Key Words: HIV/AIDS • stigma • culture • South Africa • PEN-3

This version was published on November 1, 2009

Journal of Black Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 4, 407-432 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0095798408329941


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